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Appendix N

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Appendix N is a list of books and authors which informed the creation of <a href="Dungeons_and_Dragons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungeons and Dragons">Dungeons and Dragons</a>. The term now covers a loose literary aesthetic of pulp fantasy and planetary romance.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

The Advanced Dungeons and Dragons <a href="Dungeon_Master's_Guide" title="Dungeon Master's Guide">Dungeon Master's Guide</a> (1979) was a book written by <a href="Gary_Gygax" title="Gary Gygax">Gary Gygax</a> to help people run games of Dungeons and Dragons (D&D).<a href="#cite_note-DMG1979-1">[1]</a> It contained a series of appendices, including one titled "Appendix N: Inspirational and Educational Reading". Appendix N was a list of authors and works that were identified by Gary Gygax as the source of many concepts, tropes, spells and monsters that were used in the development of D&D.<a href="#cite_note-Goodman-2">[2]</a>

The list specifies 28 authors, 22 specific books, and 12 different book series; it is one of the foundations on which fantasy roleplaying was built.<a href="#cite_note-DCCRPG-3">[3]</a> A revised and expanded version of the list was published as "Appendix E: Inspirational Reading", in the 5th Edition <a href="Dungeons_%26_Dragons#5th_Edition" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Player's Handbook</a> (2014).<a href="#cite_note-PHB2014-4">[4]</a>

Appendix N is now used to describe a subset of imaginative fantasy and science fiction from the early-to-mid 20th Century that predates the global mass media popularity of the genre; much of the work in the list was originally published as serials in <a href="Pulp_magazines" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulp magazines">pulp magazines</a> of the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-DragonMagazine-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goodman-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_D&D">Impact on D&D</h2></div>

Appendix N set the tone for fantasy roleplaying.<a href="#cite_note-EldritchRoots-6">[6]</a> The early design of D&D drew so widely from Appendix N influences, that very few of the classic monsters are even claimed as Product Identity by <a href="Wizards_of_the_Coast" title="Wizards of the Coast">Wizards of the Coast</a> (notable exceptions including the <a href="Beholder_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)" title="Beholder (Dungeons & Dragons)">Beholder</a> and the <a href="Mind_Flayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind Flayer">Mind Flayer</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Monsters-7">[7]</a> According to Appendix N researcher, Jeffro Johnson, if you read Appendix N then a great many of the oddities of classic D&D will start to make sense.<a href="#cite_note-LiteraryHistory-8">[8]</a>

Gary Gygax has stated that D&D was not meant to recreate the work of any one specific author in the Appendix,<a href="#cite_note-Gygax-9">[9]</a> but his list singled out the impact of <a href="L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">L. Sprague de Camp</a> & <a href="Fletcher_Pratt" title="Fletcher Pratt">Fletcher Pratt</a>, <a href="Robert_E._Howard" title="Robert E. Howard">Robert E. Howard</a>, <a href="Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a>, <a href="Jack_Vance" title="Jack Vance">Jack Vance</a>, <a href="H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a>, and <a href="A._Merritt" title="A. Merritt">A. Merritt</a> over the others.<a href="#cite_note-DMG1979-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-DragonMagazine-5">[5]</a> The impact of <a href="J.R.R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien">J.R.R. Tolkien</a> is also evident in races such as the <a href="Halfling" title="Halfling">Halfling</a> (originally <a href="Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbit</a>), the division of elves, the ubiquitous <a href="Orc" title="Orc">orc</a>, and the Ranger character class (after <a href="Aragorn" title="Aragorn">Aragorn</a>), although Gygax professed Tolkien's impact was "minimal" and dismissed the Ring Trilogy as "tedious".<a href="#cite_note-DragonMagazine-5">[5]</a>

D&D's influential alignment system of Law vs Chaos was derived from the <a href="Elric" class="mw-redirect" title="Elric">Elric</a> stories of <a href="Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a> and their precursors in <a href="Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a>’s <a href="Three_Hearts_and_Three_Lions" title="Three Hearts and Three Lions">Three Hearts and Three Lions</a>, which also inspired the player character class of Paladin.<a href="#cite_note-DCCRPG-3">[3]</a> The player character class of Barbarian is a direct nod to <a href="Robert_E._Howard" title="Robert E. Howard">Robert E. Howard</a>’s <a href="Conan_the_Barbarian" title="Conan the Barbarian">Conan</a> stories, although this remains the subject of debate among fans who class the character variously as a fighter, thief, or hybrid of the two. The concept of dungeons with multiple levels connected by secret doors is derived from <a href="Margaret_St._Clair" title="Margaret St. Clair">Margaret St. Clair</a>, especially Sign of the Labrys,<a href="#cite_note-Labrys-10">[10]</a> while the inspiration for the <a href="Drow" title="Drow">Drow</a> and the <a href="Underdark" title="Underdark">Underdark</a> were derived from both Merritt and St Clair.<a href="#cite_note-DCCRPG-3">[3]</a>

D&D's engine of memorised spells is known as the "Vancian magic system" after the work of <a href="Jack_Vance" title="Jack Vance">Jack Vance</a>, who also inspired the Thief player class, and several early spells.<a href="#cite_note-Monsters-7">[7]</a> Vance freely gave permission to Gygax to use his Ioun Stones as a magical item in the game on the condition that his books received a mention (as they then did in the Appendix).<a href="#cite_note-Monsters-7">[7]</a>

However, not everyone was as happy to be so influential: the first edition of the <a href="Deities_%26_Demigods" title="Deities & Demigods">Deities & Demigods</a> reference book<a href="#cite_note-Demigods-11">[11]</a> included statistics for nonhuman characters from the <a href="Cthulhu_Mythos" title="Cthulhu Mythos">Cthulhu Mythos</a> of H.P. Lovecraft and the Melnibonéan mythos from Michael Moorcock, both of which were the subject of legal threats and were removed from subsequent editions.<a href="#cite_note-Schick-12">[12]</a> TSR was served with papers threatening damages to the tune of half a million dollars by Elan Merchandising on behalf of the Tolkien Estate in connection with D&D and a Five Armies game.<a href="#cite_note-Gygax2-13">[13]</a> TSR were told to removed <a href="Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrog</a>, Dragon, Dwarf, Elf, <a href="Ent" title="Ent">Ent</a>, Goblin, Hobbit, Orc, and <a href="Warg" title="Warg">Warg</a> from the game,<a href="#cite_note-Screenrant-14">[14]</a> but eventually all but Hobbit, Ent and Balrog were ruled as public domain.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_listed_in_Appendix_N">Works listed in Appendix N</h2></div>

Works cited but not formally listed include <a href="EC_Comics" title="EC Comics">EC Comics</a> books, medieval bestiaries and fairy tales.<a href="#cite_note-DMG1979-1">[1]</a> The original list did not feature <a href="Clark_Ashton_Smith" title="Clark Ashton Smith">Clark Ashton Smith</a>, which Gygax later addressed as an omission. Some of the books and series include an "et al", indicating that their further works were also partially included in the list.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authors">Authors</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Leigh_Brackett" title="Leigh Brackett">Leigh Brackett</a></li>

<li><a href="Fredric_Brown" title="Fredric Brown">Fredric Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="August_Derleth" title="August Derleth">August Derleth</a></li>

<li><a href="Lord_Dunsany" title="Lord Dunsany">Lord Dunsany</a></li>

<li><a href="H.P._Lovecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="H.P. Lovecraft">H.P. Lovecraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Andre_Norton" title="Andre Norton">Andre Norton</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanley_Weinbaum" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Weinbaum">Stanley Weinbaum</a></li>

<li><a href="Manly_Wade_Wellman" title="Manly Wade Wellman">Manly Wade Wellman</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_Williamson" title="Jack Williamson">Jack Williamson</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Series">Series</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a>: "<a href="Pellucidar" title="Pellucidar">Pellucidar</a>" series; "<a href="Barsoom" title="Barsoom">Barsoom</a>" series; "<a href="Venus_series" title="Venus series">Venus</a>" series</li>

<li><a href="Lin_Carter" title="Lin Carter">Lin Carter</a>: "<a href="The_Warrior_of_World's_End" title="The Warrior of World's End">World’s End</a>" series</li>

<li><a href="Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer" title="Philip José Farmer">Philip José Farmer</a>: "<a href="World_of_Tiers" title="World of Tiers">The World of the Tiers</a>" series; et al.</li>

<li><a href="Gardner_Fox" title="Gardner Fox">Gardner Fox</a>: "Kothar" series; "Kyrik" series; et al.</li>

<li><a href="R._E._Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="R. E. Howard">R. E. Howard</a>: "<a href="Conan_the_Barbarian" title="Conan the Barbarian">Conan</a>" series</li>

<li><a href="Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a>: "<a href="Fafhrd_and_the_Gray_Mouser" title="Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser">Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser</a>" series; et al.</li>

<li><a href="L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">L. Sprague de Camp</a> & <a href="Fletcher_Pratt" title="Fletcher Pratt">Pratt</a>: "<a href="Harold_Shea" title="Harold Shea">Harold Shea</a>" series</li>

<li><a href="Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a>, "<a href="The_History_of_the_Runestaff" title="The History of the Runestaff">Hawkmoon</a>" series (esp. the first three books)</li>

<li><a href="J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>: "<a href="Lord_of_the_Rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of the Rings">Lord of the Rings</a>" trilogy</li>

<li><a href="Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a>: "<a href="The_Chronicles_of_Amber" title="The Chronicles of Amber">Amber</a>" series; et al.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a>: <a href="Three_Hearts_and_Three_Lions" title="Three Hearts and Three Lions">Three Hearts and Three Lions</a>; <a href="The_High_Crusade" title="The High Crusade">The High Crusade</a>; <a href="The_Broken_Sword" title="The Broken Sword">The Broken Sword</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Bellairs" title="John Bellairs">John Bellairs</a>: <a href="The_Face_in_the_Frost" title="The Face in the Frost">The Face in the Frost</a></li>

<li><a href="L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">De Camp, L. Sprague</a>: <a href="Lest_Darkness_Fall" title="Lest Darkness Fall">Lest Darkness Fall</a>; <a href="The_Fallible_Fiend" title="The Fallible Fiend">The Fallible Fiend</a>; et al.</li>

<li>De Camp & Pratt: <a href="The_Carnelian_Cube" title="The Carnelian Cube">The Carnelian Cube</a></li>

<li><a href="Sterling_Lanier" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterling Lanier">Sterling Lanier</a>: <a href="Hiero's_Journey" title="Hiero's Journey">Hiero's Journey</a></li>

<li><a href="A._Merritt" title="A. Merritt">A. Merritt</a>: Creep, Shadow, Creep; <a href="The_Moon_Pool" title="The Moon Pool">Moon Pool</a>; <a href="Dwellers_in_the_Mirage" title="Dwellers in the Mirage">Dwellers in the Mirage</a>; et al.</li>

<li><a href="Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a>: <a href="Stormbringer_(novel)" title="Stormbringer (novel)">Stormbringer</a>; Stealer of Souls;</li>

<li><a href="Andrew_J._Offutt" title="Andrew J. Offutt">Andrew J. Offutt</a>: Editor of <a href="Swords_Against_Darkness_III" title="Swords Against Darkness III">Swords Against Darkness III</a></li>

<li><a href="Fletcher_Pratt" title="Fletcher Pratt">Fletcher Pratt</a>: <a href="The_Blue_Star_(novel)" title="The Blue Star (novel)">Blue Star</a>; et al.</li>

<li><a href="Fred_Saberhagen" title="Fred Saberhagen">Fred Saberhagen</a>: <a href="Empire_of_the_East_series" title="Empire of the East series">Changeling Earth</a>; et al.</li>

<li><a href="Margaret_St._Clair" title="Margaret St. Clair">Margaret St. Clair</a>: The Shadow People; Sign of the Labrys</li>

<li><a href="J._R._R_Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J. R. R Tolkien">J. R. R Tolkien</a>: <a href="The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_Vance" title="Jack Vance">Jack Vance</a>: <a href="The_Eyes_of_the_Overworld" title="The Eyes of the Overworld">The Eyes of the Overworld</a>; <a href="The_Dying_Earth" title="The Dying Earth">The Dying Earth</a>; et al.</li>

<li><a href="Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a>: <a href="Jack_of_Shadows" title="Jack of Shadows">Jack of Shadows</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_cultural_impact">Legacy and cultural impact</h2></div>

Appendix N reflects the canon of fantasy literature at the end of the '70s. The amalgamation of fantasy tropes into the original D&D in the late 70s has been identified by Michael Moorcock as a period marked by the creation of a fresh genre of fantasy literature, whereas the work that came before was often within the now-obsolete genres of <a href="Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">planetary romance</a> or <a href="Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">weird fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pearl-15">[15]</a>

Appendix N was instrumental in the foundation of fantasy roleplaying and has been important to the OSR "<a href="Old_School_Renaissance" title="Old School Renaissance">Old School Renaissance</a>" of roleplaying games.<a href="#cite_note-DCCRPG-3">[3]</a> Games designer, <a href="Joseph_Goodman_(game_designer)" title="Joseph Goodman (game designer)">Joseph Goodman</a>, read every book in Appendix N to create the Gygax-inspired OSR RPG <a href="Dungeon_Crawl_Classics" title="Dungeon Crawl Classics">Dungeon Crawl Classics</a> (DCC).<a href="#cite_note-Goodman-2">[2]</a> Many of the published modules for the game directly reference some of the Appendix N texts, such as Peril on the Purple Planet, which is inspired by Edgar Rice Burroughs.<a href="#cite_note-Purple-16">[16]</a> DCC have also published campaign settings for adventures set in the worlds of Fritz Leiber and Jack Vance.<a href="#cite_note-Goodman-2">[2]</a>

Jeffro Johnson's book on his journey through Appendix N was nominated for the <a href="Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Award</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Hugo-17">[17]</a> In 2022, Ernest G. Gygax, Jr. designated J.B. Jackson's novel Shagduk an honorary Appendix N title.

Others have also endeavored to read the entirety of Appendix N, including games designer, Martin Ralya who maintains a blog on his quest.<a href="#cite_note-Rayla-18">[18]</a> There are multiple podcasts exploring and reviewing all of the books in Appendix N, including Sanctum Secorum and the Ennie Award-nominated (2022) Appendix N Book Club.<a href="#cite_note-BookClub-19">[19]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dungeon_Masters_Guide" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungeon Masters Guide">Dungeon Masters Guide</a></li>

<li><a href="Gary_Gygax" title="Gary Gygax">Gary Gygax</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFGygax1979" class="citation book cs1">Gygax, Gary (1979). Advanced Dungeons & Dragons. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-935696-02-4</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Goodman-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman_2-3">d</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goodman-games.com/blog/2018/03/26/what-is-appendix-n/">"What is Appendix N?"</a>. Goodman Games. March 26, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-DCCRPG-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCCRPG_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCCRPG_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCCRPG_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCCRPG_3-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFGoodman" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Games. Dungeon Crawl Classics Softcover Edition. p. 442. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-9974738-3-5</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-PHB2014-4"><a href="#cite_ref-PHB2014_4-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDragons2014" class="citation book cs1">Dragons, Dungeons & (2014-08-19). Dungeons & Dragons Player's Handbook (Core Rulebook, D&D Roleplaying Game). Renton: Wizards of the Coast. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7869-6560-1</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-DragonMagazine-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DragonMagazine_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DragonMagazine_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DragonMagazine_5-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DragonMagazine260_201801/DragonMagazine095/page/n13/mode/2up?view=theater">"Dragon Magazine : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive"</a>. Internet Archive. October 23, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-EldritchRoots-6"><a href="#cite_ref-EldritchRoots_6-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBebergal2021" class="citation book cs1">Bebergal, Peter (2021-02-23). Appendix N. London, England: MIT Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-907222-74-X</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Monsters-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monsters_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monsters_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monsters_7-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.d20srd.org/faq.htm">"Frequently Asked Questions :: d20srd.org"</a>. The Hypertext d20 SRD (v3.5, 5e & Pathfinder d20 System Reference Document). Retrieved September 18, 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-LiteraryHistory-8"><a href="#cite_ref-LiteraryHistory_8-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJohnson2017" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Jeffro (2017-06-28). Appendix N. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-952-7065-18-1</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Gygax-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Gygax_9-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGygax" class="citation web cs1">Gygax, Gary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610173333/http://www.dyingearth.com/files/gary%20gygax%20jack%20vance.pdf">"JACK VANCE & THE D&D GAME"</a> (PDF). Dying Earth Roleplaying Game Site. Pelgrane Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dyingearth.com/files/gary%20gygax%20jack%20vance.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 10, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2015.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Labrys-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Labrys_10-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFClair2016" class="citation book cs1">Clair, Margaret St. (2016-11-16). Sign of the Labrys. Courier Dover Publications. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-486-80410-1</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Demigods-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Demigods_11-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWardKuntzDee1984" class="citation book cs1">Ward, James Michael; Kuntz, Rob; Dee, Jeff (1984-01-01). Deities & Demigods. Lake Geneva, WI : [New York?]: TSR. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-935696-22-9</bdi>.</cite>

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